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IMFDB Info: The History of M16s in Film and Television
Note: This is a non-categorized page that I'm working on. please don't make changes. It's just a test page I'm using to collect relevant data for an FAQ page for IMFDB. This is a work in progess so if anyone sees goofs, don't touch it. I'm going to complete before publication.
There is a reason why I am making this page. Our very own M16 page is proof that there is tons of confusion regarding what kind of M16s are used in real life and what is used in movies. Too many users are posting what the gun is supposed to be in real life, but not the gun that was actually used. I have been researching this for months now. MPM2008
The M16 Rifle : the beginning
In 1959, Colt Firearms acquired the license for the AR-10 and the AR-15 from Eugene Stoner's Armalite Co., and began building the AR-15 rifle for sale to both the U.S. Military, Foreign Armies and the civilian market. It was a 20 year patent. Their first rifle was the Colt AR-15, which had the slab side upper receiver, original rear sights, large receiver pin holes, slab side lower receiver (with no protective ribbing around the magazine release button). The first rifles adopted by the Military was the U.S. Air Force.
1964: AR-15 / SP1 Rifle
Military usage: Thousands of full auto AR-15 rifles were shipped to Vietnam for USAF security forces (ground units designated to defend Air bases in South Vietnam). Also M16 rifles were shipped to ARVN forces for testing. The first pattern was called the Colt Model 601. A slightly different three pronged flash hider was designed and Colt called this rifle the Model 602, but except for the slight cosmetic changes in flash hider, the rifles are the same. Years later, when the Army formally adopted the A1 version, Colt still made this original version. Now that it had an official military designation "the M16", Colt renamed the same factory rifle the Model 604, just to mark the official military "M" designation.
Movie Usage: Colt then prepared their semiautomatic only version of the AR15 rifle for sale to the general public. Colt initially was going to name the rifle "Commanche" but opted to go for the more generic AR-15 Model SP1 rifle (SP a shorthand for Sporter). Since one was able to convert semiautomatic rifles into full auto ones relatively easily via ATF form and Tax Stamp, many were converted to full auto and blank adapted for movie use. Unfortunately, there were not that many AR15s in movie inventory until the 1970s, since many films opted not to use the rifle.
1965: The XM16E1 Rifle
Military usage: The U.S. Army had still not technically adopted the AR-15, since it saw some immediate design deficiencies that they wanted changed immediately. The Air Force, however, felt comfortable with the original design but was willing to test the new rifle. The U.S. Army requested an upgrade. They wanted a birdcage flash hider (now known as the A1 flash hider) since they felt that the three pronged flash hider would catch on branches and bushes. They also requested a chromed bolt carrier for ease of cleaning (this action led to the disastrous urban myth that the M16 did not require cleaning, that and the fact that the rifles were not issued with cleaning kits, led to the deaths of many American soldiers until the Defense Department figured out the problem). They also asked for a forward assist button, to push the bolt forward when fouled. The Army ordered 85,000 XM16E1 rifles in Nov 1964 (they would not hit the battlefield until late 1965). The Air Force ordered 19,000, however the USAF would still use and keep the original AR-15 in inventory. The interim rifle was called the XM16E1 and is correct for any U.S. Army soldier between 1965-1968. In 1965, specifically all first shipments of the rifle were sent to special forces, Airborne or Air Mobile troops. All other infantry and non-infantry units received their rifles later, which is why photos still show the M14s in general use as late as 1967 in rear echelon forces.
Rule of thumb for HISTORICAL usage of the gun is:
- Army Soldiers used the XM16E1 between 1965-1967/68.
- U.S. Marines used the M14 until 1967 when doctrine forced them to stop using the 7.62x51mm rifles. Some Marines were issued XM16E1s prior to 1967 but the majority of them still used M14s.
- U.S. Airforce used and continued to use the original M16 (SP1) throughout the war and even after the war.
- U.S. Naval Forces used whatever the Marines were using at the time.
Movie Usage: Despite making a major change in the rifle, Colt (at the time the only manufacturer of Eugene Stoner's design) only sold the SP1 to the general public. Some models were made available to federal and local law enforcement, but these were not that common. The 'militarization' of America's police force (unlike now where there is a SWAT team in every department) had not occurred yet, and many Police and Sheriff departments did not use military weapons. The only M16/AR15 one would see in the movies is the SP1.
1967: The M16A1 Rifle and the renaming of the M16 Rifle
After some of the disastrous shortcomings of the M16 in battle, mostly due to the usage of the wrong ball powder by the Army for the 5.56mm ammunition and the myth that the gun did not required cleaning, the Army issued an upgrade to the rifle, officially called the M16A1. The bolt carriers ceased to be chromed, however, the chambers and bores were chromed, the formula for the propellant was changed and cleaning kits were issued. Also the 'new' M16A1 had the following upgraded features: (a) The "A1" Birdcage Flash hider, (b) An upgraded buttstock, (c) A forward assist like the XM16E1, and finally (d) a raised rib around the magazine release button to keep it from dropping the magazine when brushing up against the soldier's gear. Colt's factory designation was Model 603. (Colt also created the Model 604 to officially renamed their M16 (slab sided version) which was still being used by the U.S. Air Force and other foreign clients as well as U.S. Law Enforcement, like the FBI.)
Rule of thumb for HISTORICAL usage of the gun is:
- All branches of services now used the M16A1 rifle.
Movie Usage: Colt never made an A1 version commercially available to the general public. The SP1 model would continue to be the civilian AR15 until 1983 when the Colt Sporter II came out. In the 1970s, surplus M16 Barreled upper receivers began to appear on the civilian market. Colt also sold the barreled upper receivers as 'barreled upper receiver Colt Model #R603" as replacement parts for law enforcement and these barreled uppers were made available by gun distributors. Some distributors put out a hybrid AR15, built from the SP1 rifle and the new A1 barreled upper receivers, however the rifles still had the slab sided lower (without the rib around the magazine release button). However, it is not known how many of these hybrid rifles made it into movie armories in the 1970s, since there were more armories than there are today (and many of those armories are long gone). When listing M16A1s as appearing in any movie prior to 1981, one must carefully see if the lower receiver has the tell tale ribbing of the true A1 lower receiver. All Colt guns in civilian hands at this time were the slab sided rifles.
1980: Colt's patents expire
Military usage: The M16A1 is still the standard main battle rifle of the U.S. Armed forces and its' supplied allies.
Movie Usage: Colt's 20 year patent on the Armalite design expires in late 1979. Colt tries to sue to extend, primarily against Springfield Armory and Rock Island Armory for selling their own versions of the M16s to the Costa Rican military, but Colt is denied. The flood gates are open. The 1980s see the emergence of AR15 building companies like Bushmaster, DPMS, Eagle Arms, Pac West, Olympic Arms, Santa Clara Arms, Rock River Arms, to name a few who build AR15 lower receivers or full rifles. These 'clone' guns are actual true M16A1 style lowers in that they externally have the correct raised ribbing around the magazine release button, a feature that Colt never put on their civilian rifles. Since these guns were also cheaper than Colt, their numbers exploded. Remember that Colt never made a true M16A1 style rifle for sale to the general public. And the 'clone' AR15 makers never made slab sided rifles. So all Slab sided rifles are Colt. All correct A1 style rifles are probably going to be some other's manufacturer's gun.
